Día 269 · Órdenes, peticiones y consejos reportados

⏱️ Duración total: ~3 h 15 min — Clase 60 min · Ejercicios 60 min · Reto 60 min · Quiz ~15 min. Puedes dividirlo en varias sesiones el mismo día.

🎯 Objetivo del día

Al terminar reportarás órdenes con tell + objeto + to + infinitivo.
Reportarás peticiones con ask + objeto + to + infinitivo.
Reportarás órdenes negativas con not to + infinitivo.
Reportarás consejos, advertencias y sugerencias con advise / warn / remind + to.
Evitarás el error de usar that + cláusula donde se necesita el infinitivo.

📖 Clase (60 min)

Introducción y contexto

Ya sabes reportar afirmaciones (Día 267) y preguntas (Día 268). Hoy completamos el tercer gran tipo: las órdenes, peticiones y consejos (imperativos en estilo directo). Aquí el inglés abandona la estructura con that y usa una construcción mucho más limpia: verbo + objeto + to + infinitivo.

Compara: "Close the door." (orden directa) → He told me to close the door. No decimos He told me that I closed the door (eso reportaría una afirmación, no una orden). Esta estructura es elegante y muy frecuente en instrucciones, normas, advertencias y consejos. Para el hispanohablante el reto es doble: (1) recordar que va con infinitivo to (no con that), y (2) elegir el reporting verb correcto según la intención: ¿fue una orden, una petición, un consejo, una advertencia, un recordatorio? El inglés es muy preciso en esto, y dominar esos verbos es puro B2.

Explicación detallada (regla por regla)

Regla 1 — Órdenes afirmativas: tell + objeto + to + infinitivo.

Directo: "Sit down!" → Indirecto: She told me to sit down.
Directo: "Be quiet." → Indirecto: The teacher told us to be quiet.
Directo: "Finish the report." → Indirecto: My boss told me to finish the report.

Regla 2 — Órdenes negativas: not to + infinitivo. El not va antes del to.

Directo: "Don't touch that!" → Indirecto: He told me not to touch that.
Directo: "Don't be late." → Indirecto: She told us not to be late.

✗ He told me to don't touch it. / ✗ He told me to not touch it. (esta última es posible en habla muy informal, pero el estándar es not to touch).

Regla 3 — Peticiones: ask + objeto + (not) to + infinitivo. ask implica cortesía (un favor, no una orden).

Directo: "Could you help me, please?" → Indirecto: She asked me to help her.
Directo: "Please don't smoke here." → Indirecto: He asked us not to smoke there.

Regla 4 — Consejos y otros verbos introductorios. El reporting verb transmite la intención. Patrón general verbo + objeto + (not) to + infinitivo:

advise (aconsejar): The doctor advised me to rest.
warn (advertir): She warned him not to go alone.
remind (recordar a alguien): He reminded me to call the bank.
order (ordenar): The officer ordered them to stop.
beg (suplicar): She begged me to stay.
encourage (animar): They encouraged her to apply.
invite (invitar): He invited us to join them.
forbid (prohibir): They forbade us to enter.
instruct (instruir): She instructed us to wait.

Regla 5 — suggest y recommend son especiales. NO usan objeto + to. Usan -ing o that + should:

✗ He suggested me to leave. → ✓ He suggested leaving. / ✓ He suggested (that) I (should) leave.
✗ She recommended me to read it. → ✓ She recommended reading it. / ✓ She recommended (that) I read it.

Regla 6 — Sin backshift en el infinitivo. Como no hay verbo conjugado en lo reportado, no hay backshift que aplicar; solo cambian pronombres y referencias: "Call me tomorrow." → She told me to call her the next day.

Vocabulario clave

English	Pronunciación aprox.	Español
to order	tu órder	ordenar / mandar
to advise	tu adváiz	aconsejar
to warn	tu uórn	advertir
to remind	tu rimáind	recordar (a alguien)
to beg	tu beg	suplicar / rogar
to encourage	tu enkérich	animar
to invite	tu inváit	invitar
to forbid	tu forbíd	prohibir
to instruct	tu instráct	instruir / dar instrucciones
to recommend	tu rekoménd	recomendar
to suggest	tu sayést	sugerir
command	kománd	orden / mandato
request	rikuést	petición
warning	uórning	advertencia
instruction	instrákshon	instrucción
to refuse	tu rifiúz	negarse a

Gramática a fondo

Intención	Estilo directo	Estilo indirecto
Orden	"Sit down."	He told me to sit down.
Orden negativa	"Don't move."	She told us not to move.
Petición	"Please help me."	He asked me to help him.
Consejo	"You should rest."	She advised me to rest.
Advertencia	"Be careful!"	He warned me to be careful.
Recordatorio	"Don't forget the keys."	She reminded me to take the keys.
Sugerencia	"Let's leave."	He suggested leaving / that we leave.

Fórmula central: reporting verb + objeto (persona) + (not) to + infinitivo. Excepciones: suggest / recommend → -ing o that + (should).

Pronunciación y notas de uso

advise (verbo, /ədˈvaɪz/, con sonido "z") vs. advice (sustantivo, /ədˈvaɪs/, con "s"). ¡Distintos!
warn /wɔːn/ — la r casi no se oye en inglés británico; rima con born.
forbid — pasado irregular forbade /fəˈbæd/, participio forbidden.
remind /rɪˈmaɪnd/ — acento en la segunda sílaba.

Errores comunes del hispanohablante

✗ He told me that I close the door. → ✓ He told me to close the door.
✗ She asked me that I help her. → ✓ She asked me to help her.
✗ He told me to don't go. → ✓ He told me not to go.
✗ He suggested me to leave. → ✓ He suggested (that) I leave / He suggested leaving.
✗ She recommended me to see it. → ✓ She recommended seeing it / that I see it.
✗ The doctor advised me rest. → ✓ The doctor advised me to rest.
✗ He said me to wait. → ✓ He told me to wait. / He asked me to wait.

Mini-diálogo de ejemplo

A: What did the doctor say? (¿Qué dijo el médico?) B: She advised me to rest for a week and told me not to lift anything heavy. (Me aconsejó descansar una semana y me dijo que no levantara nada pesado.) A: Anything else? (¿Algo más?) B: She reminded me to take the pills twice a day and warned me not to skip any. (Me recordó tomar las pastillas dos veces al día y me advirtió que no me saltara ninguna.) A: And the receptionist? (¿Y la recepcionista?) B: She asked me to come back on Friday and suggested booking online next time. (Me pidió volver el viernes y sugirió reservar en línea la próxima vez.)

✍️ Ejercicios (60 min)

Bloque 1 — Reporta órdenes con tell (10 min)

Empieza con He told me...:

"Open the window."
"Don't be late."
"Wait here."
"Don't touch that."
"Finish your work."
"Be quiet."

Bloque 2 — Reporta peticiones con ask (8 min)

Empieza con She asked me...:

"Could you help me, please?"
"Please don't smoke here."
"Can you call me later?"
"Please send the email."

Bloque 3 — Elige el reporting verb adecuado (10 min)

Usa advise, warn, remind, encourage, invite, order, beg:

"You should see a doctor." → She ___ me ___ see a doctor.
"Be careful, the floor is wet!" → He ___ me ___ be careful.
"Don't forget your passport." → She ___ me ___ take my passport.
"Come to my party!" → He ___ us ___ come to his party.
"Stop immediately!" (police) → The officer ___ them ___ stop.

Bloque 4 — Corrige los errores (10 min)

He told me that I close the door.
She asked me that I help her.
He told me to don't go.
He suggested me to leave.
The doctor advised me rest.

Bloque 5 — Traducción Español → Inglés (12 min)

Me dijo que cerrara la puerta.
Me pidió que la ayudara.
El médico me aconsejó descansar.
Me advirtió que no fuera solo.
Me recordó llamar al banco.
Sugirió salir temprano.

Bloque 6 — Producción escrita (10 min)

Piensa en un día con muchas instrucciones (primer día de trabajo, visita médica). Reporta 7 órdenes/peticiones/consejos que te dieron, usando al menos 4 reporting verbs distintos.

Ver soluciones

B1: 1. He told me to open the window. 2. He told me not to be late. 3. He told me to wait there. 4. He told me not to touch that. 5. He told me to finish my work. 6. He told me to be quiet. B2: 1. She asked me to help her. 2. She asked me not to smoke there. 3. She asked me to call her later. 4. She asked me to send the email. B3: 1. advised...to · 2. warned...to · 3. reminded...to · 4. invited...to · 5. ordered...to B4: 1. He told me to close the door. 2. She asked me to help her. 3. He told me not to go. 4. He suggested leaving / that I leave. 5. The doctor advised me to rest. B5: 1. He/She told me to close the door. 2. He/She asked me to help her. 3. The doctor advised me to rest. 4. He/She warned me not to go alone. 5. He/She reminded me to call the bank. 6. He/She suggested leaving early / that we leave early. B6: Respuesta libre.

🚀 Reto del día (60 min)

"The instructions report" — reporta un día lleno de instrucciones.

Elige un escenario (primer día en un trabajo, una clase de conducir, una visita médica, una excursión guiada). (5 min)
Escribe en estilo directo 10 frases imperativas que distintas personas te dijeron (órdenes, peticiones, consejos, advertencias). (20 min)
Conviértelas a un párrafo narrativo reportado eligiendo el reporting verb que mejor refleje la intención de cada una. (20 min)
Grábate leyéndolo (1–2 min). (10 min)
Autoevalúa. (5 min)

Rúbrica (0–10):

Estructura verbo + objeto + (not) to + infinitivo correcta: 0–3
Negativas con not to correctas: 0–2
Reporting verb adecuado a la intención: 0–3
suggest/recommend tratados correctamente: 0–1
Fluidez y pronunciación: 0–1

✅ Quiz (~15 min)

Reporta: "Close the door." (He told me...)
Reporta una orden negativa: "Don't go." (She told me...)
¿Qué verbo usas para una petición cortés?
Corrige: He told me that I wait.
suggest + ? (estructura, NO to)
Corrige: He suggested me to leave.
advise / advice: ¿cuál es el verbo?
Reporta: "Please help me." (She asked me...)
¿not va antes o después de to?
Traduce: Me advirtió que no fuera solo.

Ver respuestas

He told me to close the door. 2. She told me not to go. 3. ask (someone to do something). 4. He told me to wait. 5. -ing o that + (should) — He suggested leaving / that I leave. 6. He suggested leaving / that I leave. 7. advise (verbo); advice es el sustantivo. 8. She asked me to help her. 9. Antes: not to go. 10. He/She warned me not to go alone.

📚 Recursos

British Council — Reported speech (commands): https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org
BBC Learning English — Reporting verbs: https://www.bbc.co.uk/learningenglish
Cambridge Grammar — Verb patterns: https://dictionary.cambridge.org/grammar

⏭️ Siguiente

Mañana: reporting verbs avanzados y sus patrones (admit, deny, offer, promise, accuse...) — para reportar con precisión y sonar verdaderamente C1.

Quiz

Q "Close the door." → He told me ___ the door.
* to close
- close
- that I close
Q "Don't go." → She told me ___.
* not to go
- to don't go
- to not going
Q ¿Cuál es correcta con *suggest*?
* He suggested leaving.
- He suggested me to leave.
- He suggested to leave.
Q ¿Qué verbo usas para una petición cortés?
* ask
- order
- forbid