Día 260 · Pasiva en presente perfecto

⏱️ Duración total: ~3 h 15 min — Clase 60 min · Ejercicios 60 min · Reto 60 min · Quiz ~15 min. Puedes dividirlo en varias sesiones el mismo día.

🎯 Objetivo del día

• Al terminar formarás la pasiva en presente perfecto (has/have been + participio).
• Usarás just, already, yet, ever, never, recently con pasiva perfecta.
• Distinguirás is done (presente) de has been done (perfecto/resultado reciente).
• Aplicarás la pasiva perfecta a noticias y actualizaciones.
• Evitarás el error clásico has be done / has being done.

📖 Clase (60 min)

Introducción y contexto

Bienvenido a la Semana 38, donde la voz pasiva se vuelve verdaderamente B2 alto. La estructura estrella de hoy aparece a diario en titulares y reportes: el presente perfecto pasivo. Cuando un periódico dice Three people have been arrested o una app te avisa Your order has been shipped, está usando exactamente esto.

El presente perfecto (que ya estudiaste) conecta pasado con presente: una acción completada cuyo resultado importa ahora. En pasiva, el foco se pone en lo que ha sido hecho, no en quién.

Explicación detallada (regla por regla)

Regla 1 — La fórmula. Recuerda el perfecto activo: have/has + participio (They have built it). En pasiva insertas been:

have / has + been + participio pasado

• Activa: They have finished the report. → Pasiva: The report has been finished.
• Activa: Someone has stolen my car. → Pasiva: My car has been stolen.
• Three new schools have been opened this year.
• The decision has been made.

Regla 2 — has vs. have.

• has been → sujeto singular / he / she / it.
• have been → sujeto plural / I / you / we / they.
• The bridge has been repaired. / The bridges have been repaired.

Regla 3 — Negativa e interrogativa.

• Negativa: The work has not been finished yet. (hasn't been)
• Pregunta: Has the email been sent? / Have the rooms been cleaned?

Regla 4 — Adverbios típicos del perfecto + pasiva.

• just (recién): The plane has just been delayed.
• already (ya): It has already been done.
• yet (todavía, en neg./preg.): It hasn't been finished yet. Has it been finished yet?
• ever / never: The painting has never been seen in public.
• recently / lately: Several changes have recently been made.

Regla 5 — Presente simple vs. presente perfecto pasivo.

• The office is cleaned every day. → hábito (presente simple).
• The office has been cleaned. → ya está hecho, resultado ahora (perfecto).
• The road was repaired last year. → momento pasado concreto.
• The road has been repaired (recently). → reciente / sin momento concreto, efecto presente.

Vocabulario clave

Gramática a fondo

Pronunciación y notas de uso

been se pronuncia /biːn/ (biin, con i larga) o reducido /bɪn/ (bin). Has been → "hazbin"; have been → "havbin". El presente perfecto pasivo es el lenguaje de los titulares de noticias y de las notificaciones: Flight BA245 has been cancelled. Your payment has been received. Domínalo y entenderás cualquier app o periódico.

Errores comunes del hispanohablante

• ❌ The report has finished. (con sentido pasivo) → ✓ The report has been finished.
• ❌ It has be done. → ✓ It has been done. (participio been)
• ❌ It has being done. → ✓ It has been done. (been, no being)
• ❌ My car has stolen. → ✓ My car has been stolen.
• ❌ The rooms has been cleaned. → ✓ The rooms have been cleaned. (plural)
• ❌ Has been the email sent? → ✓ Has the email been sent? (orden)

Mini-diálogo de ejemplo

Customer: Has my order been shipped yet? Agent: Yes, it has just been dispatched. It has been sent to the address on file. Customer: Great. And the refund I asked for? Agent: It has already been processed. The money has been returned to your card. Customer: Has the issue with the app been fixed? Agent: It hasn't been solved yet, but a fix has been scheduled.

Traducción: —¿Ya se ha enviado mi pedido? —Sí, acaba de despacharse. Se ha enviado a la dirección registrada. —Bien. ¿Y el reembolso que pedí? —Ya ha sido procesado. El dinero ha sido devuelto a tu tarjeta. —¿Se ha solucionado el problema de la app? —Aún no se ha resuelto, pero ya se ha programado una solución.

✍️ Ejercicios (60 min)

Bloque 1 — Completa con pres. perfecto pasivo (10 min)

1. The email ______ (send) already.
2. The houses ______ (not / sell) yet.
3. ______ the report ______ (finish)?
4. Three suspects ______ (arrest) so far.
5. The flight ______ (just / cancel).

Bloque 2 — Activa → pasiva (pres. perfecto) (12 min)

1. They have built a new hospital.
2. Someone has stolen my laptop.
3. The company has launched a new product.
4. They haven't announced the results.
5. Has anyone fixed the printer?
6. They have just signed the contract.

Bloque 3 — ¿Presente simple, pasado o perfecto pasivo? (10 min)

1. The streets ______ (clean) every night. (hábito)
2. The bridge ______ (build) in 1900. (pasado concreto)
3. The bridge ______ (just / repair). (reciente)
4. English ______ (speak) in many countries. (general)
5. My phone ______ (steal)! (acaba de pasar, efecto ahora)

Bloque 4 — Traducción Español → Inglés (12 min)

1. El informe ya ha sido enviado.
2. Tres personas han sido detenidas.
3. El vuelo acaba de ser cancelado.
4. La decisión aún no ha sido tomada.
5. ¿Se ha arreglado el problema?

Bloque 5 — Corrige (8 min)

1. The work has finished. (sentido pasivo)
2. It has being done.
3. My car has stole.
4. The rooms has been cleaned.

Bloque 6 — Producción escrita (8 min)

Escribe 5 "titulares de noticias" o "notificaciones de app" usando presente perfecto pasivo. Ej.: A new law has been approved. Your account has been updated.

🚀 Reto del día (60 min)

"News bulletin" — boletín de noticias.

1. Crea un boletín de noticias de 8–10 titulares/frases (de tu país, tu empresa o inventado) usando presente perfecto pasivo en todas. Ej.: A new bridge has been opened. Two records have been broken. The festival has been postponed…
2. Añade 2–3 frases con just / already / yet para variar.
3. Grábate como presentador de informativos (2–3 min), con entonación clara.
4. Subraya cada has/have been + participio y verifica.

Rúbrica de autoevaluación (0–10):

• Pres. perfecto pasivo correcto (have/has been + part.): 0–4
• Uso correcto de just/already/yet: 0–2
• Concordancia singular/plural: 0–2
• Entonación y fluidez de presentador: 0–2

✅ Quiz (~15 min)

1. The email ______ already. a) has sent b) has been sent c) has being sent
2. Pasa a pasiva: They have built a new school.
3. Negativa: The report has been finished. + yet → ?
4. Corrige: My car has stole.
5. ¿been o being en perfecto pasivo?
6. Traduce: "Tres personas han sido detenidas."
7. has o have: The documents ______ been signed.
8. ¿Presente simple o perfecto? "Las calles se limpian cada noche."
9. Pregunta: Has the issue been fixed? → ¿activa o pasiva?
10. Traduce: "El vuelo acaba de ser cancelado."

📚 Recursos

• BBC Learning English – Present perfect passive.
• British Council: "Passive: present perfect" exercises.
• Lee titulares de BBC News o Reuters: localiza has/have been + participle.
• Cambridge Dictionary: ejemplos de has been done.

⏭️ Siguiente

Mañana: pasiva en pasado perfecto y futuro perfecto (had been done, will have been done) — para narrar el "pasado del pasado" y proyectar resultados futuros.

Quiz

Q Choose the correct present perfect passive: "The email ______ already."
* has been sent
- has sent
- has being sent

Q Make this passive: "They have built a new school."
* A new school has been built.
- A new school has built.
- A new school have been built.

Q Which form does the present perfect passive use?
* has/have been + past participle
- has/have being + past participle
- has/have be + past participle

Q Pick the correct sentence with the plural subject "the documents".
* The documents have been signed.
- The documents has been signed.
- The documents has being signed.