Día 266 · Repaso — Semana 38
⏱️ Duración total: ~3 h 15 min — Clase 60 min · Ejercicios 60 min · Reto 60 min · Quiz ~15 min. Puedes dividirlo en varias sesiones el mismo día.
🎯 Objetivo del día
- Al terminar consolidarás toda la pasiva avanzada: perfectos, infinitivo/gerundio, impersonal, causativa, phrasal.
- Repasarás el cuadro completo de tiempos pasivos (Semanas 37–38).
- Elegirás con criterio entre estructura impersonal y personal.
- Corregirás tus errores recurrentes del bloque pasivo.
- Confirmarás que dominas la pasiva a nivel B2 antes de avanzar.
📖 Clase (60 min)
Introducción y contexto
Cierras dos semanas dedicadas a una de las áreas más decisivas del B2: la voz pasiva en toda su extensión. Hoy es repaso por repetición espaciada: integramos Semana 37 (formación básica, tiempos simples/continuos, agente) con Semana 38 (perfectos, no personales, impersonal, causativa, phrasal). Si dominas el repaso de hoy, tienes una herramienta que usarás en cada examen, email formal y artículo del resto del curso.
Síntesis 1 — Cuadro COMPLETO de tiempos pasivos
| Tiempo | Forma | Ejemplo |
|---|---|---|
| Presente simple | is/are + part. | is done |
| Presente continuo | is/are being + part. | is being done |
| Presente perfecto | has/have been + part. | has been done |
| Pasado simple | was/were + part. | was done |
| Pasado continuo | was/were being + part. | was being done |
| Pasado perfecto | had been + part. | had been done |
| Futuro will | will be + part. | will be done |
| Futuro perfecto | will have been + part. | will have been done |
| going to | is/are going to be + part. | is going to be done |
| Modal | modal + be + part. | must be done |
| Modal perfecto | modal + have been + part. | should have been done |
| Infinitivo | to be + part. | to be done |
| Gerundio | being + part. | being done |
Síntesis 2 — Estructuras avanzadas
- Impersonal con It: It is said/believed/reported that… (+ frase completa).
- Personal: He is said to be… / She is believed to have done… (acción anterior → to have + part.).
- Causativa: have/get + cosa + participio → I had my car repaired. (encargada o sufrida).
- Phrasal pasivo: la partícula se mantiene → was looked after, is dealt with, were not listened to.
- Agente: by (persona/causante) vs. with (instrumento); se omite si es genérico/desconocido.
Vocabulario clave del bloque (repaso)
| English | Pronunciación aprox. | Español |
|---|---|---|
| has been done | has bin dan | ha sido hecho |
| had been done | had bin dan | había sido hecho |
| will have been done | uíl hav bin dan | habrá sido hecho |
| to be done | tu bi dan | ser hecho |
| being told | bíing tóuld | que te digan |
| it is said that | it is sed dat | se dice que |
| he is believed to have | hi is bilíivd tu hav | se cree que él ha |
| to have something done | tu hav sámzing dan | mandar hacer algo |
| to be looked after | tu bi lukt áfter | ser cuidado |
| to be dealt with | tu bi delt uíd | ser tratado/resuelto |
| should have been done | shud hav bin dan | debería haberse hecho |
| to be carried out | tu bi cárid áut | ser llevado a cabo |
| allegedly | aléchedli | presuntamente |
| by / with | bai / uíd | por / con |
| estimated to be | éstimeitid tu bi | estimado en |
| to be expected to | tu bi ikspéktid tu | esperarse que |
Errores estrella del bloque (no los repitas)
- ❌ has be done / has being done → ✓ has been done.
- ❌ had built (pasivo) → ✓ had been built.
- ❌ will be been finished → ✓ will have been finished.
- ❌ This needs to fix → ✓ needs to be fixed / needs fixing.
- ❌ Is said that… → ✓ It is said that…; He is said to be….
- ❌ The baby was looked → ✓ was looked after.
- ❌ I had cut my hair (causativa) → ✓ I had my hair cut.
Mini-diálogo de repaso (todo integrado)
A: Have you heard? The factory has been sold. B: Really? It is said to have been bought by a foreign group. A: They say jobs will be cut. B: It is believed that retraining will be offered, though. A: The union says warnings were not listened to for years. B: True. The problems should have been dealt with earlier. I'm getting my CV updated just in case.
Traducción: —¿Te enteraste? La fábrica ha sido vendida. —¿En serio? Se dice que ha sido comprada por un grupo extranjero. —Dicen que se recortarán empleos. —Se cree que se ofrecerá recualificación, eso sí. —El sindicato dice que las advertencias no se escucharon durante años. —Cierto. Los problemas deberían haberse tratado antes. Voy a mandar actualizar mi CV por si acaso.
✍️ Ejercicios (60 min)
Bloque 1 — Identifica el tiempo y completa (10 min)
- The road ______ (repair) right now. (continuo presente)
- The letter ______ (already / send). (pres. perfecto)
- When we arrived, dinner ______ (already / cook). (pasado perfecto)
- By 2030, the bridge ______ (complete). (futuro perfecto)
- The form ______ (must / sign). (modal)
Bloque 2 — Impersonal ↔ personal (12 min)
- People say that he is rich. → He ______.
- It is believed that she has left. → She ______.
- Experts think the painting is fake. → The painting ______.
- They report that the road is closed. → It ______.
Bloque 3 — Causativa y phrasal pasivo (10 min)
- A mechanic repaired my car. → I ______.
- Someone broke into the shop. → The shop ______.
- We must deal with this issue. → This issue ______.
- A hairdresser is cutting her hair. → She ______.
Bloque 4 — Corrige (8 min)
- The work has be done.
- It is said that he have left.
- This needs to fix.
- I had cut my hair yesterday.
- The warnings were not listened.
Bloque 5 — Traducción Español → Inglés (12 min)
- El informe ya ha sido enviado.
- Se cree que el cuadro fue robado.
- Mandé reparar mi coche la semana pasada.
- El problema debe ser resuelto.
- Para 2030, el puente habrá sido construido.
- No me gusta que me interrumpan.
Bloque 6 — Producción escrita (8 min)
Escribe 6 frases sobre una noticia de tu vida usando 6 formas pasivas distintas del cuadro síntesis.
Ver soluciones
B1: 1. is being repaired · 2. has already been sent · 3. had already been cooked · 4. will have been completed · 5. must be signed
B2: 1. He is said to be rich. · 2. She is believed to have left. · 3. The painting is thought to be fake. · 4. It is reported that the road is closed.
B3: 1. I had my car repaired. · 2. The shop was broken into. · 3. This issue must be dealt with. · 4. She is having her hair cut.
B4: 1. ...has been done. · 2. ...he has left. (o He is said to have left.) · 3. This needs to be fixed / needs fixing. · 4. I had my hair cut yesterday. · 5. ...were not listened to.
B5: 1. The report has already been sent. · 2. It is believed that the painting was stolen. / The painting is believed to have been stolen. · 3. I had my car repaired last week. · 4. The problem must be dealt with / solved. · 5. By 2030, the bridge will have been built. · 6. I don't like being interrupted.
B6: Respuesta libre. Verifica 6 formas distintas correctas.
🚀 Reto del día (60 min)
"Passive mastery: a story in passive" — relato integrador final.
- Escribe una historia o reportaje de 200–250 palabras (un misterio, un escándalo, la historia de un edificio) que use al menos 8 formas pasivas distintas del cuadro síntesis, 1 estructura impersonal, 1 causativa y 1 phrasal pasivo.
- Subraya y etiqueta cada estructura con su nombre.
- Grábate narrándola (3 min), sin leer palabra por palabra.
- Escúchate, identifica tus 3 errores más frecuentes de las dos semanas y graba una segunda toma corregida.
Rúbrica de autoevaluación (0–10):
- ≥8 formas pasivas distintas correctas: 0–4
- Impersonal + causativa + phrasal pasivo presentes: 0–3
- Coherencia narrativa y vocabulario: 0–1
- Mejora entre toma 1 y toma 2 / fluidez: 0–2
✅ Quiz (~15 min)
- The letter ______ already. (pres. perfecto pasivo de send)
- By 2030, it ______. (futuro perfecto pasivo de build)
- Transforma a personal: People say she is honest.
- Causativa: "Mandé pintar la casa."
- Phrasal pasivo: Someone broke into the office. → ?
- Corrige: It is said that he have left.
- This problem must be dealt ______. (partícula)
- ¿been o being en has ___ done?
- Traduce: "Se cree que el cuadro fue robado."
- ¿Cuándo se omite el agente en pasiva?
Ver respuestas
- has already been sent. 2. will have been built. 3. She is said to be honest. 4. I had the house painted. / I had my house painted. 5. The office was broken into. 6. ...he has left (o He is said to have left.). 7. with. 8. been. 9. It is believed that the painting was stolen. / The painting is believed to have been stolen. 10. Cuando el agente es desconocido, irrelevante, obvio/genérico o se quiere ocultar.
📚 Recursos
- BBC Learning English – playlist completa "The passive" (repaso global).
- British Council: test final "Passive voice — all forms".
- Perfect English Grammar: "Advanced passive mixed exercise".
- Cambridge Dictionary: repaso de be said to / have something done / phrasal passives.
⏭️ Siguiente
¡Has dominado la voz pasiva completa! La próxima semana entramos en el estilo indirecto completo (reported questions, commands, backshift) — clave para periodismo y entrevistas. ¡Sigue así, vas camino del B2 sólido!
Quiz
Q Complete the future perfect passive: "By 2030, it ______."
* will have been built
- will be built been
- will been built
Q Transform to the personal passive: "People say she is honest."
* She is said to be honest.
- She is said that she is honest.
- It said to be honest.
Q Rewrite as a phrasal passive: "Someone broke into the office."
* The office was broken into.
- The office was broken.
- The office broke into.
Q When is the agent usually omitted in the passive?
* When it is unknown, irrelevant, or obvious
- When the action is in the future
- When the subject is plural