Día 262 · Pasiva con infinitivo y gerundio

⏱️ Duración total: ~3 h 15 min — Clase 60 min · Ejercicios 60 min · Reto 60 min · Quiz ~15 min. Puedes dividirlo en varias sesiones el mismo día.

🎯 Objetivo del día

• Al terminar formarás la pasiva con infinitivo (to be done, to have been done).
• Formarás la pasiva con gerundio (being done, having been done).
• Usarás need / want / would like + to be + participio y needs doing.
• Manejarás enjoy/hate/avoid/risk + being + participio.
• Sonarás natural en estructuras avanzadas frecuentes en B2.

📖 Clase (60 min)

Introducción y contexto

Ya tienes todos los tiempos pasivos. Hoy trabajamos la pasiva en formas no personales: infinitivo y gerundio. Aparecen constantemente: This needs to be fixed. I hate being interrupted. The job is expected to be finished soon. Dominar esto es lo que separa un B1 de un B2 real.

Explicación detallada (regla por regla)

Regla 1 — Infinitivo pasivo: to be + participio. Cuando un verbo o adjetivo va seguido de infinitivo, ese infinitivo puede ser pasivo:

• I want to be told the truth. (Quiero que me digan la verdad.)
• She hopes to be promoted.
• The form needs to be signed.
• This problem has to be solved.
• He is likely to be elected.

Regla 2 — Infinitivo perfecto pasivo: to have been + participio. Para algo ya completado:

• He claims to have been robbed. (Afirma haber sido robado.)
• The painting is believed to have been stolen in 1990.

Regla 3 — need + -ing = need to be + participio. Construcción muy útil y natural:

• The car needs washing. = The car needs to be washed. (El coche necesita lavarse.)
• The room needs cleaning. = ...needs to be cleaned.
• Igual con want (informal británico) y require.

Regla 4 — Gerundio pasivo: being + participio. Tras preposiciones y verbos que piden gerundio (enjoy, hate, avoid, mind, risk, like, love, look forward to, after, before, without):

• I don't like being told what to do. (No me gusta que me digan qué hacer.)
• He hates being criticized.
• She avoided being seen.
• Thank you for being invited? → ✗ (cuidado, ver errores) → Thank you for inviting me.
• After being warned, he stopped.

Regla 5 — Gerundio perfecto pasivo: having been + participio. Para acción anterior:

• She was happy about having been chosen.
• Having been told the news, he left. (Habiéndosele dicho la noticia, se fue.)

Resumen de fórmulas:

Vocabulario clave

Gramática a fondo

Verbos/adjetivos típicos + infinitivo pasivo: want, hope, expect, would like, need, have, ought, deserve, is likely/sure/expected/believed/said + to be + participio.

• The bridge is expected to be completed in May.
• Everyone deserves to be treated fairly.

Verbos típicos + gerundio pasivo: enjoy, hate, love, like, mind, avoid, risk, deny, admit, keep, stop, finish + being + participio; y tras preposición: interested in, afraid of, tired of, before, after, without, by.

• He denied being involved.
• I'm tired of being ignored.

Pronunciación y notas de uso

to be átono → "təbi"; being → "bíing" (2 sílabas). needs cleaning es más informal/natural que needs to be cleaned, pero ambas son correctas. Having been + participio es muy formal/escrito (ensayos, narrativa).

Errores comunes del hispanohablante

• ❌ This needs to fix. → ✓ This needs to be fixed. / This needs fixing.
• ❌ I hate to be told... no, I hate being say to me... → ✓ I hate being told what to do.
• ❌ He claims to be robbed last year. → ✓ He claims to have been robbed last year. (acción pasada → inf. perfecto)
• ❌ The car needs to washed. → ✓ ...needs to be washed.
• ❌ She avoided to be seen. → ✓ She avoided being seen. (avoid + gerundio)
• ❌ I'm interested in be invited. → ✓ ...in being invited. (tras preposición → gerundio)

Mini-diálogo de ejemplo

Employee: This report needs to be reviewed before Friday. Manager: I know. It also needs proofreading. I hate being rushed, though. Employee: The client expects it to be delivered on time. Manager: True. Nobody likes being kept waiting. Employee: The figures seem to have been calculated wrong. Manager: Then they have to be corrected today.

Traducción: —Este informe necesita ser revisado antes del viernes. —Lo sé. También necesita corrección de estilo. Aunque odio que me metan prisa. —El cliente espera que se entregue a tiempo. —Cierto. A nadie le gusta que le hagan esperar. —Las cifras parecen haber sido calculadas mal. —Entonces tienen que corregirse hoy.

✍️ Ejercicios (60 min)

Bloque 1 — Infinitivo pasivo (10 min)

Completa con to be + participio:

1. The car needs ______ (wash).
2. She wants ______ (tell) the truth.
3. The form has ______ (sign) today.
4. He is likely ______ (promote).
5. Everyone deserves ______ (treat) with respect.

Bloque 2 — Gerundio pasivo (12 min)

Completa con being + participio:

1. I hate ______ (interrupt).
2. He denied ______ (involve) in the crime.
3. She's tired of ______ (ignore).
4. They avoided ______ (see).
5. I'm looking forward to ______ (invite) to the wedding.

Bloque 3 — need + -ing ↔ need to be + participio (8 min)

Reescribe en la otra forma:

1. The windows need cleaning.
2. The report needs to be checked.
3. The garden needs watering.
4. The door needs to be repaired.

Bloque 4 — Perfecto pasivo no personal (10 min)

1. He claims ______ (rob) last year. (to have been...)
2. The painting is believed ______ (steal) in 1990.
3. ______ (warn) twice, he finally listened. (Having been...)
4. She was proud of ______ (choose) for the team. (having been...)

Bloque 5 — Traducción Español → Inglés (12 min)

1. Esto necesita ser arreglado.
2. No me gusta que me digan qué hacer.
3. El coche necesita lavarse.
4. Se espera que el puente se termine en mayo.
5. Él negó estar involucrado.

Bloque 6 — Producción escrita (8 min)

Escribe 5 frases sobre tus preferencias y obligaciones usando: need to be / needs -ing / hate being / look forward to being / is expected to be.

🚀 Reto del día (60 min)

"To-do list & feelings" — lista de tareas + opiniones.

1. Parte A: redacta una lista de 6 tareas usando infinitivo/gerundio pasivo: The kitchen needs cleaning. The report has to be finished. The car needs to be serviced…
2. Parte B: escribe 5 frases de opinión personal con gerundio pasivo: I hate being criticized in public. I don't mind being corrected. I look forward to being given more responsibility…
3. Grábate leyéndolo y comentándolo (3 min).
4. Marca cada estructura: infinitivo pasivo / gerundio pasivo / need + -ing.

Rúbrica de autoevaluación (0–10):

• Infinitivo pasivo correcto: 0–3
• Gerundio pasivo correcto: 0–3
• Variedad de verbos detonantes (need/hate/avoid/expect…): 0–2
• Naturalidad y pronunciación: 0–2

✅ Quiz (~15 min)

1. This needs ______. a) to fix b) to be fixed c) being fix
2. I hate ______ what to do. a) to be told b) being told c) being say
3. Reescribe: The car needs washing. → con to be.
4. Corrige: She avoided to be seen.
5. He claims ______ (rob) last year.
6. Traduce: "No me gusta que me interrumpan."
7. Tras preposición, ¿infinitivo o gerundio pasivo? interested in ___ invited.
8. Traduce: "El informe necesita ser revisado."
9. Having been ______ (warn), he stopped.
10. ¿to be done o being done tras enjoy?

📚 Recursos

• BBC Learning English – Passive infinitive and gerund.
• British Council: "Verbs followed by -ing or infinitive (passive)".
• Perfect English Grammar: passive gerund/infinitive exercises.
• Cambridge Dictionary: need + -ing, to be done.

⏭️ Siguiente

Mañana: pasiva impersonal y de verbos de opinión (It is said that… / He is said to…) — la estructura de noticias, rumores y ciencia. ¡Muy útil para sonar culto!

Quiz

Q Complete: "This problem needs ______ today."
* to be fixed
- to fix
- being fix

Q After "avoid", which passive form is correct? "She avoided ______."
* being seen
- to be seen
- be seen

Q For a past action: "He claims ______ last year."
* to have been robbed
- to be robbed
- being robbed

Q Rewrite "The car needs washing" using a passive infinitive.
* The car needs to be washed.
- The car needs to washing.
- The car needs being washed.