Día 239 · Introducción al estilo indirecto (reported speech)
⏱️ Duración total: ~3 h 15 min — Clase 60 min · Ejercicios 60 min · Reto 60 min · Quiz ~15 min. Puedes dividirlo en varias sesiones el mismo día.
🎯 Objetivo del día
- Al terminar entenderás qué es el estilo indirecto (reported / indirect speech) y en qué se diferencia del estilo directo.
- Sabrás usar los verbos introductorios básicos say y tell correctamente.
- Conocerás el concepto de backshift (retroceso de tiempo verbal) de forma inicial.
- Reportarás afirmaciones sencillas en presente y pasado.
- Evitarás el error típico de confundir say y tell.
📖 Clase (60 min)
Introducción y contexto
Imagina que tu amiga te dice: "I'm tired." Más tarde le cuentas a otra persona lo que dijo. En español dirías: "Me dijo que estaba cansada". Acabas de usar estilo indirecto: en lugar de repetir las palabras exactas, las reportas. En inglés esto se llama reported speech o indirect speech, y es una de las habilidades más útiles del nivel B1 porque la usamos constantemente: contar lo que alguien dijo, resumir una noticia, transmitir un mensaje.
El estilo directo (direct speech) repite las palabras exactas entre comillas: She said, "I am tired." El estilo indirecto las integra en tu frase sin comillas y, normalmente, cambia algunos elementos: She said (that) she was tired. Esta semana entera la dedicamos a dominar este sistema paso a paso. Hoy empezamos por lo esencial: la diferencia entre los dos estilos, los verbos introductorios say y tell, y la primera idea del backshift (cuando el verbo introductorio está en pasado, el verbo reportado suele "retroceder" un tiempo).
No te preocupes si al principio parece mecánico: con práctica se vuelve automático. La clave es entender la lógica detrás de los cambios, no memorizar listas sin sentido.
Explicación detallada (regla por regla)
Regla 1 — Estilo directo vs. indirecto.
- Directo: He said, "I work in Madrid." → palabras exactas, comillas, coma antes.
- Indirecto: He said (that) he worked in Madrid. → integrado, sin comillas, normalmente con that opcional.
La palabra that ("que") es opcional en inglés hablado e informal: She said (that) she was busy. Ambas son correctas.
Regla 2 — say vs. tell. Este es el punto más importante de hoy.
- say → NO lleva normalmente un objeto de persona directamente: He said that he was tired. / He said to me that he was tired. (con to).
- tell → SÍ lleva un objeto de persona obligatorio: He told me that he was tired. (sin to).
Resumen: say (something) / tell (someone) something.
- ✓ She said she was happy.
- ✓ She told me she was happy.
- ✗ She said me she was happy. (incorrecto)
- ✗ She told she was happy. (incorrecto: falta la persona)
Regla 3 — Backshift (retroceso de tiempo). Cuando el verbo introductorio está en pasado (said, told), el verbo de la frase original suele retroceder un tiempo:
- Presente simple → pasado simple: "I work here." → He said he worked there.
- Presente continuo → pasado continuo: "I am working." → She said she was working.
- Pasado simple → pasado perfecto: "I saw it." → He said he had seen it.
- will → would: "I will call." → She said she would call.
- can → could: "I can swim." → He said he could swim.
Regla 4 — Cambio de pronombres. Los pronombres cambian según quién habla:
- Tom: "I like my job." → Tom said he liked his job.
- Ana a ti: "You are kind." → Ana told me I was kind.
Regla 5 — Excepción útil: verdades generales. Si lo dicho sigue siendo cierto siempre, el backshift es opcional:
- "Water boils at 100°C." → He said water boils / boiled at 100°C. (ambas válidas)
Vocabulario clave
| English | Pronunciación aprox. | Español |
|---|---|---|
| reported speech | ripórted spíich | estilo indirecto |
| direct speech | dairékt spíich | estilo directo |
| to say | tu séi | decir |
| to tell | tu tel | decir / contar (a alguien) |
| to mention | tu ménshon | mencionar |
| to add | tu ad | añadir |
| to explain | tu ikspléin | explicar |
| to admit | tu admít | admitir |
| to claim | tu kléim | afirmar / alegar |
| to announce | tu anáuns | anunciar |
| statement | stéitment | afirmación / declaración |
| message | mésich | mensaje |
| conversation | konverséishon | conversación |
| to report | tu ripórt | reportar / informar |
| backshift | bákshift | retroceso de tiempo |
| quotation marks | kuotéishon marks | comillas |
Gramática a fondo
| Estilo directo | Estilo indirecto (verbo introd. en pasado) |
|---|---|
| "I am here." | He said he was there. |
| "I work a lot." | She said she worked a lot. |
| "I am eating." | He said he was eating. |
| "I saw her." | She said she had seen her. |
| "I will help." | He said he would help. |
| "I can drive." | She said she could drive. |
Estructura básica:
- say: subject + said (+ to + persona) + (that) + frase reportada
- tell: subject + told + persona + (that) + frase reportada
Pronunciación y notas de uso
- said se pronuncia /sed/ (rima con "bed"), no /séid/. Error muy común.
- told /tóuld/ (con sonido "ou" largo).
- that como conjunción es átona y suele pronunciarse /ðət/, muy débil; por eso a menudo casi no se oye y se omite.
Errores comunes del hispanohablante
- ✗ He said me that... → ✓ He told me that... / He said that...
- ✗ She told that she was tired. → ✓ She told me that she was tired.
- ✗ He said he is tired (con said en pasado) → ✓ He said he was tired.
- ✗ She said me to wait. → ✓ She told me to wait.
- ✗ Pronunciar said como /séid/ → ✓ /sed/.
- ✗ Tom said that he like his job. → ✓ Tom said that he liked his job. (backshift)
Mini-diálogo de ejemplo
A: I just talked to Sara. She said she was very busy this week. (Acabo de hablar con Sara. Dijo que estaba muy ocupada esta semana.) B: Really? She told me she wanted to relax. (¿En serio? Me dijo que quería relajarse.) A: Well, she also said she had finished the project. (Bueno, también dijo que había terminado el proyecto.) B: Good. And what about Tom? (Bien. ¿Y qué hay de Tom?) A: He told me he would call you tomorrow. (Me dijo que te llamaría mañana.) B: Perfect. Thanks for telling me. (Perfecto. Gracias por avisarme.)
✍️ Ejercicios (60 min)
Bloque 1 — say o tell (10 min)
- He ___ me that he was tired.
- She ___ that she liked the film.
- They ___ us a funny story.
- I ___ to him that it was late.
- Anna ___ she would come.
- The teacher ___ us to be quiet.
Bloque 2 — Aplica el backshift (12 min)
Pasa a estilo indirecto con said:
- "I am happy."
- "We work in Madrid."
- "I can help you."
- "She will arrive soon."
- "I am studying English."
- "They saw the accident."
Bloque 3 — Cambia los pronombres (8 min)
- Tom (a ti): "I love my city." → Tom said...
- Ana (a ti): "You are my best friend." → Ana told me...
- Los niños: "We are tired." → The children said...
Bloque 4 — Traducción Español → Inglés (12 min)
- Me dijo que estaba ocupado.
- Dijo que trabajaba en un banco.
- Nos contó una historia.
- Ella me dijo que vendría.
- Él dijo que podía conducir.
- Dijeron que habían visto la película.
Bloque 5 — Corrige los errores (8 min)
- He said me that he was tired.
- She told that she was busy.
- He said he is happy. (con said en pasado)
- They said us a story.
Bloque 6 — Producción escrita (10 min)
Escribe 8 frases reportando cosas que personas reales te han dicho esta semana. Usa said y told (4 de cada). Aplica el backshift.
Ver soluciones
B1: 1. told · 2. said · 3. told · 4. said · 5. said · 6. told B2: 1. He said he was happy. 2. He said they worked in Madrid. 3. He said he could help me/you. 4. He said she would arrive soon. 5. He said he was studying English. 6. He said they had seen the accident. B3: 1. Tom said he loved his city. 2. Ana told me I was her best friend. 3. The children said they were tired. B4: 1. He told me (that) he was busy. 2. He said (that) he worked in a bank. 3. He told us a story. 4. She told me (that) she would come. 5. He said (that) he could drive. 6. They said (that) they had seen the film. B5: 1. He told me that he was tired. / He said that he was tired. 2. She told me that she was busy. 3. He said he was happy. 4. They told us a story. B6: Respuesta libre.
🚀 Reto del día (60 min)
"What people told me" — informe escrito y oral.
- Durante el día (o recordando), anota 8 cosas que distintas personas te dijeron en estilo directo. (10 min)
- Conviértelas a estilo indirecto usando say y tell correctamente, con backshift y pronombres bien cambiados. (20 min)
- Escribe un párrafo de 10 frases contando "lo que me dijeron hoy". (15 min)
- Grábate (1–2 min) leyéndolo con buena pronunciación de said /sed/. (10 min)
- Autoevalúa. (5 min)
Rúbrica (0–10):
- Uso correcto de say vs. tell: 0–3
- Backshift aplicado correctamente: 0–3
- Pronombres y posesivos cambiados bien: 0–2
- Variedad de verbos y vocabulario: 0–1
- Pronunciación de said/told: 0–1
✅ Quiz (~15 min)
- ¿Qué es el estilo indirecto?
- ¿Cuál es la diferencia clave entre say y tell?
- Reporta: "I am tired" (he said...).
- "I work here" → He said he ___ there.
- "I will call" → She said she ___ call.
- Corrige: He said me he was busy.
- Corrige: She told that she was happy.
- ¿Cómo se pronuncia said?
- "I can swim" → He said he ___ swim.
- ¿Es that obligatorio en estilo indirecto?
Ver respuestas
- Reportar lo que alguien dijo sin repetir las palabras exactas. 2. tell lleva objeto de persona obligatorio (tell me); say no (say that...). 3. He said he was tired. 4. worked. 5. would. 6. He told me he was busy / He said he was busy. 7. She told me that she was happy. 8. /sed/ (rima con "bed"). 9. could. 10. No, es opcional.
📚 Recursos
- British Council — Reported speech 1: https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org
- BBC Learning English — Reported speech: https://www.bbc.co.uk/learningenglish
- Cambridge Dictionary (say/tell): https://dictionary.cambridge.org
⏭️ Siguiente
Mañana profundizamos en say vs. tell y otros verbos introductorios (explain, mention, admit), y dominaremos el backshift de todos los tiempos verbales.
Quiz
Q ¿Cuál es la diferencia clave entre *say* y *tell*?
* *tell* lleva un objeto de persona obligatorio; *say* no.
- *say* lleva un objeto de persona obligatorio; *tell* no.
- No hay diferencia: son intercambiables.
Q Reporta: *"I work here."* → He said he ___ there.
* worked
- works
- had worked
Q *"I will call."* → She said she ___ call.
* would
- will
- could
Q ¿Cómo se pronuncia *said*?
* /sed/, rima con "bed"
- /séid/, como "paid"
- /said/, como "side"